Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
The Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation (IJAARAI) is a peer-reviewed academic journal committed to advancing interdisciplinary scholarship that addresses contemporary development challenges and opportunities across Africa and Asia. Established under the auspices of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation, the journal serves as a platform for researchers, academics, policymakers, innovators, development practitioners, and advocates to disseminate high-quality research and evidence-based perspectives that contribute to social transformation, policy development, and sustainable progress. IJAARAI promotes the integration of diverse academic disciplines in order to generate holistic and context-responsive solutions to complex regional and global issues. The journal welcomes contributions from fields including public health, education, governance, economics, technology, environmental studies, gender studies, social sciences, humanities, and innovation studies. By encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, the journal seeks to bridge the gap between academic research, policy formulation, and practical implementation. A core focus of the journal is the promotion of African- and Asian-led scholarship that centers indigenous knowledge systems, innovation, equity, and sustainable development. The journal encourages research that amplifies local perspectives, strengthens community resilience, and advances transformative approaches to development within Global South contexts. Comparative studies exploring shared experiences and lessons between Africa and Asia are also strongly encouraged. Beyond traditional academic publishing, IJAARAI emphasizes research advocacy and innovation by highlighting the practical implications of scholarly work in governance, institutional reform, community development, entrepreneurship, and public policy. The journal is committed to supporting both emerging and established scholars, including researchers from the African and Asian diasporas, through an inclusive and accessible publication process. Published quarterly, IJAARAI maintains rigorous academic and ethical standards through a double-blind peer review process. Manuscripts are evaluated based on originality, methodological rigor, scholarly relevance, and potential impact on policy and practice. Through its commitment to interdisciplinary inquiry, advocacy, and innovation, the journal contributes meaningfully to the advancement of knowledge that supports resilience, sustainability, and inclusive development across Africa, Asia, and the broader Global South.
African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
The Nexora Model of Living: A Conceptual Model for Holistic Well-Being and Human Flourishing
Well-being is a multidimensional concept influenced by the interaction of psychological, social, and behavioural factors. Although existing models have improved understanding of individual aspects of well-being, many examine these dimensions separately and give limited attention to how they interact in everyday life. People constantly balance demands related to health, relationships, work, personal growth, and social participation, and these experiences shape their sense of fulfillment. This paper introduces the Nexora Model of Living, a conceptual framework that provides an integrated understanding of holistic well-being. The model was developed through a review of literature in psychology, public health, and human development, leading to the identification of ten core pillars organised into three interconnected domains. These domains are Inner Life, Outer Life, and World Engagement, with Fulfillment at the centre as the outcome of balance across all domains. The framework has also been operationalised through the Nexora Model of Living Scale, and preliminary pilot findings indicate acceptable internal consistency and structural coherence. The Nexora Model provides a foundation for future empirical validation and practical application in education, workplace wellness, healthcare, and personal development. It offers a structured approach to understanding well-being as the product of interconnected life domains rather than isolated outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eric Kwasi Elliason, Surjeet Patheja (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence Is Transforming Global Health, But Will Africa Benefit or Be Left Behind?
Artificial intelligence is rapidly changing the way health systems deliver care, generate knowledge, and support decision making. Across the world, AI is being used to strengthen disease surveillance, improve diagnostic accuracy, accelerate drug discovery, and expand access to healthcare through digital platforms. These developments present important opportunities for Africa, where persistent shortages of healthcare workers, growing disease burdens, and unequal access to specialist services continue to challenge health systems. At the same time, the benefits of AI will not be realised automatically. Without deliberate investment in digital infrastructure, local research capacity, data governance, ethical regulation, and workforce development, there is a real risk that Africa will remain primarily a consumer of technologies designed elsewhere. Such an outcome could deepen existing inequalities and limit the continent's ability to shape technologies that reflect its own health priorities and cultural contexts. This commentary argues that the future of AI in African healthcare should be guided by local leadership, interdisciplinary collaboration, and equitable partnerships. It calls for governments, universities, researchers, healthcare institutions, and the private sector to work together to build an innovation ecosystem in which artificial intelligence strengthens health systems while advancing scientific independence. Africa's role in the AI era should extend beyond technology adoption to active leadership in developing solutions that contribute to both regional and global health
Digital Health and Artificial Intelligence
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Eric Kwasi Elliason (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From Disease Control to Health Sovereignty: Why Africa Must Lead the Next Era of Global Health
Africa has made significant progress in improving population health over recent decades, yet many of these achievements continue to rely heavily on external funding, imported technologies, and research agendas shaped beyond the continent. This editorial argues that the next phase of Africa's health development should be guided by the principle of health sovereignty, where countries have the capacity to define their own priorities, strengthen local research and innovation, invest in resilient health systems, and participate as equal partners in global health. It highlights the critical roles of governments, universities, researchers, industry, and international collaborators in building sustainable health systems that respond to African realities. The editorial calls for greater investment in scientific capacity, local manufacturing, interdisciplinary research, and evidence informed policy as essential foundations for achieving lasting health security and improved health outcomes across the continent
Belonging,Identity,and Institutional Inclusion Among African International Students in Higher Education
*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:20d3ff7e-1ec8-4291-974f-d8744eef599d-186" data-turn-id-container="request-WEB:20d3ff7e-1ec8-4291-974f-d8744eef599d-186" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-turn="assistant"> The internationalisation of higher education has transformed universities into culturally diverse learning environments, creating opportunities for intercultural engagement while highlighting challenges related to inclusion and equity. India has become an important destination for African international students because of its expanding higher education sector, affordable tuition, English-medium programmes, and educational partnerships with African countries. However, little empirical research has explored their experiences of belonging, identity, and institutional inclusion. This quantitative cross-sectional study examined 100 African international students enrolled in undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programmes across Indian higher education institutions. Data were collected through a structured online questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis. The study was informed by Social Justice Theory and Decolonial Theory. The findings indicate language barriers (65%), cultural adjustment difficulties (62%), differences in teaching methods (58%), complex administrative procedures (58%), inadequate orientation (55%), social isolation (55%), limited faculty interaction (52%), nationality-based stereotyping (52%), insufficient support services (52%), and racial discrimination (45%). Despite these challenges, 55% reported identity transformation, 52% developed hybrid cultural identities, and 72% relied on peer support networks. These challenges were significantly associated with lower academic performance, reduced sense of belonging, and poorer well-being. The study provides empirical evidence from the Indian higher education context and demonstrates the relevance of Social Justice and Decolonial perspectives. The findings offer recommendations for strengthening institutional support, promoting intercultural engagement, and advancing equitable and inclusive internationalisation practices. Read the Full Article on AARAI Journals
: African international students; belonging; identity negotiation; institutional inclusion; higher education; race; social justice; decolonisation
Copyright (c) 2026 Abigail Msaan Tofi, Dr Neeraj Sharma (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Rethinking Leadership Under Constraint: A Behavioural–Structural–Relational Model of Sequenced Transformation in Higher Education
Universities in emerging-economy systems face persistent financial austerity, bureaucratic rigidity, and political oversight, yet global leadership theories offer limited insight into how institutional transformation unfolds under such constraints. This study examines how the Vice-Chancellor's leadership at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT), Ghana, generated institutional change within a resource-limited STEM environment. Using a concurrent mixed-methods design (survey n = 223; interviews n = 17), the study integrates the 4P Framework, Transformational Leadership Theory, and Stakeholder Theory to conceptualise strategic leadership as a behavioural–structural–relational system. Quantitative results show consistently high stakeholder perceptions across all 4P domains, with moderate-to-strong inter-domain associations consistent with systemic rather than segmented leadership influence. Qualitative findings reveal that visible infrastructural improvements, procedural streamlining, and relational accessibility collectively strengthened stakeholder trust. Synthesised through mixed-methods integration, the evidence is consistent with adaptive sequencing as an interpretive account of the observed transformation pattern: early symbolic and structurally visible reforms — particularly in infrastructure, digitisation, and institutional reputation — appear to have generated legitimacy that subsequently enabled deeper academic and cultural change. This interpretation rests primarily on qualitative participant accounts and cannot be confirmed from cross-sectional data alone. The study offers preliminary evidence from one institutional case suggesting that legitimacy, symbolic visibility, and relational trust may function as strategic resources partially substituting for material capacity in constrained systems. This is consistent with but does not confirm revisions to prevailing assumptions requiring resource abundance or managerial autonomy for effective university transformation. The Adaptive Sequencing Leadership Model foregrounds temporal sequencing, multi-dimensional alignment, and legitimacy-building as core drivers of institutional transformation in higher education, with three formal propositions set out for future controlled testing. Read the Full Article on AARAI Journals
behavioural–structural–relational systems
Copyright (c) 2026 Vincent Dan Teiko, Owusu-Ansah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Systemic Barriers to Pedagogical Content Knowledge Development in Mathematics Education
This study examined systemic barriers to the development of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) among mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences in Ghana. PCK, which combines subject matter knowledge with pedagogical strategies, is widely recognized as a foundation of teaching effectiveness, yet teachers often face structural challenges in acquiring it. A descriptive survey design was employed, involving 98 mathematics education students who completed a questionnaire on curricular saliency, representations, instructional strategies, and diagnosis of student misconceptions. The results showed consistent challenges across all areas of PCK, with the greatest difficulties reported in the use of varied instructional strategies and in addressing misconceptions. Demographic variables such as gender, age, and level of education were not significantly associated with these challenges, suggesting that barriers are rooted in the design of teacher preparation rather than individual differences. The study concludes that reforms in Ghana’s teacher education system are urgently needed. These should include curriculum redesign, expanded practicum opportunities, mentorship, and professional development that places PCK at the center of mathematics teacher education.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Towards an Integrated Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery for Substance Use and Relapse Prevention in Africa
Substance use disorders pose a growing public health challenge across Africa, exacerbated by a complex interplay of trauma, social stressors, and family and community dynamics. Traditional individual-centered approaches have shown limited effectiveness, often overlooking the broader familial and societal influences that shape recovery outcomes. This paper introduces the Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery Model (TIFSRM), a comprehensive framework designed to address substance use within the African context. The TIFSRM integrates trauma-informed care principles, emphasizing the role of family engagement and community support in fostering recovery. By acknowledging how trauma influences behavior and relationships, the model provides culturally responsive strategies to engage families and communities in the recovery process. It promotes individual healing while strengthening family cohesion and community resilience, creating an environment that supports sustained recovery. The model also addresses societal challenges such as stigma, limited access to healthcare, and cultural perceptions of substance use, offering practical guidance for implementation. The TIFSRM represents a holistic approach that aligns with African cultural values, leveraging existing social structures to enhance recovery outcomes. This framework provides a foundation for developing interventions that are both contextually appropriate and evidence-informed, ultimately contributing to healthier communities and improved quality of life for individuals affected by substance use disorders.
Trauma-Informed Family and Societal Recovery Model
Background: Coffee is one of the primary agriculture products of Liberia, and it plays an important role for many Liberians who produce coffee for either subsistence (household) or selling coffee in their region. To create an inclusive agro-economic environment, it is essential to assess the gender make-up and participation of all coffee producers and to evaluate how women are included in the development of value-chain markets. There are many female-headed households in coffee producing countries such as Liberia, which are an under-utilized resource within this coffee-producing country. Methods: Secondary data from Liberia's Agricultural Household Survey (2022) were utilized for this study, including all fifteen counties of Liberia. The study population included a total of 359,075 agricultural householders, of which 10,739 households were identified as coffee-producing households. The data in the data set were broken down by gender of the head of household, by the rural and urban regions of Liberia, and by the county of Liberia where each household resides. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the overall distribution of female coffee-producing households, as well as the women's share among the total agricultural household population as a whole. In Deciding Where to Get Coffee and to who (2008 - 2022) Coffee producing households' coffee production trends will be looked at from the perspective of time from this period in order to give a clearer understanding of participation per-gender in coffee production. Results: 24,9% of coffee producing households are managed by females, while 75,1% are managed by males. Coffee producing households that are male headed, in rural areas, have higher male ownership (75,1%) than coffee producing households that are female headed (24,9%). Most female operated coffee producing households are located in urban centres (30,7%). At the county level, the proportion of coffee producing households that are female headed varies widely from 14,2% for Rivercess County to 31,9% for Lofa County. There are several counties that have the largest numbers of coffee growing farmers in the country - counties such as Nimba County, Bong County, and Lofa County - where the participation of women has been highlighted. In total, in 2022, approximately 3% of all agricultural households were considered coffee growing households, down from 7,9% in 2008. Conclusion: Women-operated households involved in coffee production represent approximately twenty-five percent of Liberia's coffee producers, however there are urban-rural divides and differences between counties throughout the country. In addition to providing agricultural livelihoods, these households contribute to how coffee contributes to the country's overall economy. Improving gender-sensitive agricultural and economic policies would allow for increased women's participation in the coffee industry, leading to a stronger contribution from coffee towards the country's overall gross domestic product.
The Church spans a community of relationship between people and God. As an organization, the Church can induce trauma among individual members and at the same time undergo it. The present paper investigates the question of the role of the Church in trauma creation and management. Traumatic incidence particularly clergy sexual misconduct disrupts harmonious relationship and puts the Church at the crossroads of a difficult decision and action. Drawing upon a narrative analysis with the story of Job in the Old Testament, it is observed that the Church trauma of stifled grief parallels Job’s traumatic experiences among his friends in his community. While individuals who suffer trauma in the Church have much in common with Job as a victim of trauma, it is evident that both trauma victims in the Church and the Church as a whole may find valuable lessons in Job’s trauma episode for mutual healing and restoration of peace and well-being.
This study examines the strategic relevance of organizational learning and development (L&D) in India's rapidly evolving corporate landscape through comprehensive analysis of 150 Indian organizations across diverse sectors. Utilizing mixed-method research design incorporating quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews, and financial performance analysis, this research investigates the relationship between L&D investments and organizational outcomes including productivity, innovation, employee retention, and financial performance. The study reveals that Indian organizations investing above 4% of annual revenue in L&D activities demonstrate 67% higher productivity growth, 45% superior innovation metrics, and 38% better employee retention rates compared to minimal investors. Key findings indicate that successful L&D implementation in Indian context requires cultural sensitivity, technology integration, and alignment with national skill development policies. The research contributes to organizational learning theory by identifying India-specific factors that moderate the relationship between learning investments and business outcomes, providing empirical evidence for L&D's strategic relevance in emerging economy contexts. Practical implications include evidence-based frameworks for L&D investment decisions, culturally appropriate implementation strategies, and policy recommendations for enhancing India's human capital development ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Racial Identity Disruption Syndrome (RIDS)
Racism and colorism continue to have deep psychological and relational impacts, yet existing frameworks often treat them either as moral failings or purely structural problems, paying limited attention to their internal psychological effects. This paper introduces Racial Identity Disruption Syndrome (RIDS) as a provisional, integrative framework for understanding how racialized environments can shape identity, thought, emotion, and behavior through self-reinforcing psychological and neurocognitive processes. Drawing on cognitive-behavioral theory, psychodynamic perspectives, social identity theory, and neuroscience, RIDS frames racism and colorism as disruptions of identity integration rather than fixed traits or medical diagnoses. A conceptual diagram illustrates how rigid racial schemas, emotional dysregulation, defensive identity processes, and threat-based neurocognitive responses interact within broader sociocultural contexts to perpetuate relational harm and impaired empathy. The paper outlines provisional phenomenological indicators of RIDS, emphasizing that these are heuristic tools rather than diagnostic criteria, meant to guide ethical inquiry and empirical research. A multi-level intervention framework is proposed, addressing intrapersonal, relational, institutional, and structural levels to support identity integration, emotional regulation, and restorative repair. Finally, the paper discusses implications for research, policy, and professional practice, while acknowledging conceptual, empirical, and ethical limitations. By framing racialized harm as a modifiable, context-dependent pattern of identity disruption, the RIDS framework aims to foster interdisciplinary dialogue, empirical investigation, and ethically grounded approaches to racial healing. It is offered not as a final classification, but as a reflective scaffold for understanding and transforming the psychological dimensions of racism and colorism.
Integrating the African Restorative Psychospiritual Model (ARPM) in Clinical Settings
The African Restorative Psychospiritual Model (ARPM) is a proposed framework for trauma healing, specifically designed for African and diasporic communities. Unlike traditional Western trauma models, which often focus on symptom management in isolation, ARPM integrates cultural, spiritual, and communal aspects of healing to provide a more holistic approach. This paper explores the theoretical foundations and potential clinical applications of ARPM, focusing on its five core pillars: ancestral memory, Ubuntu consciousness, spiritual grounding, narrative liberation, and cognitive decolonization. While still in the conceptual stage, ARPM offers a novel perspective on trauma recovery by emphasizing the collective nature of trauma, the importance of cultural identity, and the role of spirituality in healing. The paper discusses how these pillars can be incorporated into clinical settings to create culturally relevant and spiritually enriching therapeutic practices for African and diasporic clients. Additionally, it highlights the challenges of integrating ARPM into existing clinical frameworks and the need for further empirical research to assess its effectiveness. Ultimately, ARPM presents an opportunity to expand trauma-informed care by offering a culturally grounded, community-oriented model of healing.
African Restorative Psychospiritual Model
Challenges in Developing Pedagogical Content Knowledge among Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences
This study investigated the challenges that mathematics education teachers encounter in developing pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS) in Ghana. PCK, which integrates subject matter expertise with pedagogical strategies, remains a critical determinant of teacher effectiveness and student learning. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. Results revealed that participants struggled most with applying multiple instructional strategies, diagnosing students’ misconceptions, and integrating curriculum knowledge into classroom practice. Limited exposure to practice-based training and insufficient opportunities for reflective teaching were identified as key barriers. These findings underscore the need for systemic reforms in teacher education to better integrate theory with practice. Policy implications include strengthening practicum experiences, promoting mentorship, and embedding PCK-focused modules in mathematics teacher education programs.
Assessing Topic-Specific Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Mathematics Instruction
This study examined the topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS), Ghana. While generic aspects of PCK such as knowledge of students’ understanding and instructional strategies are widely studied, topic-specific dimensions including curricular saliency and representations remain underexplored in Ghanaian teacher education. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire adapted from established PCK frameworks. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and chi-square tests were employed to analyze the extent to which participants demonstrated topic-specific pedagogical competence. Findings revealed that teachers exhibited moderate levels of curricular saliency and limited knowledge of multiple representations, suggesting challenges in connecting mathematical topics and adapting content for different learners. These results highlight the need for teacher education programs to embed structured opportunities that build topic-specific PCK alongside generic pedagogical skills. Policy recommendations include revising curricula to incorporate task-based learning and content-focused pedagogical training.
topic-specific pedagogical content knowledge
Theory Alpha is introduced in this paper as a framework for understanding motivation, wellbeing, and organizational development. It moves beyond traditional models that treat employees primarily as economic resources and instead presents them as whole persons whose psychological, social, and cultural needs must be considered. The theory combines insights from psychology, sociology, and organizational studies, with particular attention to contexts in the Global South. The framework argues that motivation and productivity are inseparable from wellbeing, autonomy, and meaningful work. By recognizing these dimensions, Theory Alpha highlights the importance of psychological safety, supportive leadership, and cultural relevance in workplace design. Unlike approaches that rely only on financial or structural incentives, this perspective places emphasis on human flourishing as the foundation of sustainable performance. The paper outlines the theoretical foundations of Theory Alpha, reviews empirical evidence from both Global North and South contexts, and identifies practical implications for policy and organizational strategy. It concludes that integrating this framework into research and practice can strengthen both individual development and institutional resilience. In doing so, Theory Alpha offers a holistic model that links personal wellbeing with collective organizational success.
Examining the Generic Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
The study examined the generic pedagogical content knowledge (GPCK) of mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS). Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were employed to assess participants’ levels of GPCK, while correlation and independent t-tests were used to analyze relationships and demographic variations. The results showed that teachers demonstrated moderate knowledge of students’ understanding but low knowledge of instructional practices. A significant positive correlation was found between the two components of GPCK, indicating their interdependent nature. No significant differences in GPCK were observed across gender or educational level. These findings suggest that weaknesses in pedagogical knowledge are widespread and not tied to demographic factors. The study recommends that teacher education programs integrate more practice-based learning to strengthen instructional skills. Policy initiatives by the Ministry of Education and the Ghana Education Service should prioritize professional development programs that enhance teachers’ instructional competence. Limitations of the study include its reliance on self-reported data from a single university, suggesting the need for larger and mixed-methods studies. The study contributes to the discourse on mathematics teacher preparation and provides evidence to guide reforms in mathematics education in Ghana.
Interactions among Components of Generic Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
This study explored the interaction between components of generic pedagogical content knowledge (GPCK) among mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS), Ghana. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. The instrument measured two GPCK dimensions: knowledge of students’ understanding and knowledge of instructional practices. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation tests with SPSS version 25. Findings indicated a significant positive correlation between the two GPCK components, suggesting that teachers who had greater awareness of students’ mathematical thinking also demonstrated stronger instructional practices. The results reinforce the interconnected nature of GPCK, showing that improvement in one area can enhance the other. The study recommends that teacher education programs integrate student cognition and instructional practices in a unified approach to better prepare mathematics teachers. Policy implications include the need for structured professional development that emphasizes the alignment of instructional strategies with students’ learning processes.
Socio-Educational Demographics and Variations in Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Mathematics Education Teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana
This study investigated the influence of socio-educational demographics on the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of mathematics education teachers at C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKTUTAS), Ghana. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 98 undergraduate and postgraduate mathematics education students through a structured questionnaire. The study examined differences in PCK levels across gender, age, and educational level, focusing on both generic and topic-specific dimensions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, and chi-square tests of association. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences in PCK across gender, age, or educational level, indicating that challenges in pedagogical development were widespread among teacher trainees. These results suggest that pedagogical weaknesses are systemic rather than demographic-specific. The study concludes that teacher education programs should adopt holistic interventions that strengthen PCK across all trainee groups. Policy implications highlight the importance of curriculum reforms and nationwide professional development programs that target the enhancement of pedagogical knowledge in mathematics education.
Predictive Modelling of ART Non-Adherence
Background: Achieving sustained adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is critical for viral suppression and HIV epidemic control. In Ghana’s Western Region, rural–urban disparities in healthcare access, socio-cultural norms, and economic opportunities may differentially influence adherence. Objective: To apply predictive modelling to identify patient, health system, and socio-cultural determinants of ART non-adherence in rural and urban settings of Ghana’s Western Region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and August 2023 among 620 people living with HIV (320 rural, 300 urban) who had been on ART for at least six months. Data were collected through structured interviews and verified with pharmacy refill records. Independent variables included socio-demographics, travel time to clinic, stigma, disclosure status, appointment attendance, and provider communication. Binary logistic regression identified predictors of non-adherence (adherence <95%), with separate rural and urban analyses. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: Overall non-adherence prevalence was 19.1%, higher in rural settings (23.7%) than urban settings (14.0%). Significant predictors of non-adherence included stigma (AOR 2.54, p < 0.001), missed clinic appointments (AOR 2.87, p < 0.001), travel time >60 minutes (AOR 2.26, p = 0.001), low education (AOR 1.95, p = 0.006), poor provider communication (AOR 1.74, p = 0.023), younger age (AOR 1.78, p = 0.015), and non-disclosure of HIV status (AOR 1.69, p = 0.031). The final model demonstrated good discrimination (AUC = 0.82). Conclusion: ART non-adherence in Ghana’s Western Region is driven by a combination of structural and behavioural factors, with distinct rural–urban dynamics. Integrating predictive modelling into programme monitoring could enable early identification of high-risk patients, while geographically tailored interventions—such as decentralized ART delivery in rural areas, stigma reduction campaigns, and enhanced patient–provider communication—may improve adherence outcomes.
Integrating the Health Belief Model into HIV Care
Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence is critical for viral suppression, reduced HIV transmission, and improved quality of life. In rural Ghana, socio-economic challenges and behavioural factors threaten optimal adherence. The Health Belief Model (HBM) provides a framework to understand and address these behavioural determinants. Objective: To examine the association between HBM constructs—perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy—and ART adherence among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Wassa Amenfi West Municipality, Ghana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 602 PLHIV aged ≥18 years who had been on ART for at least six months. Participants were selected through systematic random sampling from ART clinic registers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire guided by HBM constructs, with adherence assessed via self-report and pharmacy refill verification. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to examine associations between HBM constructs and adherence, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Optimal adherence was significantly associated with high perceived susceptibility (χ² = 16.82, p < 0.001), high perceived severity (χ² = 10.95, p = 0.001), high perceived benefits (χ² = 22.14, p < 0.001), low perceived barriers (χ² = 18.47, p < 0.001), presence of cues to action (χ² = 15.68, p < 0.001), and high self-efficacy (χ² = 17.92, p < 0.001). Participants with high benefit perception and strong self-efficacy had the highest adherence rates. Conclusion: The findings highlight the utility of the HBM in predicting ART adherence and designing theory-driven interventions in rural Ghana. Addressing barriers, reinforcing benefits, enhancing self-efficacy, and providing consistent cues to action should be prioritised in adherence programs. Integrating HBM-informed strategies into both clinic-based counselling and community outreach can strengthen ART outcomes in resource-limited settings.
As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes more integrated into human resource management, questions arise about whether machines could replace HR professionals. This paper argues that while AI can improve efficiency, automate repetitive tasks, and provide useful data insights, it cannot replace the human qualities that make HR effective. Skills such as empathy, emotional intelligence, cultural awareness, ethical decision-making, mentoring, and leadership development are central to building trust, motivation, and a positive workplace culture. Using examples from the Global South, including India, Ghana, and South Africa, and lessons from the Global North, the paper shows that organizations achieve stronger engagement, retention, and growth when they combine AI with human-centered practices. The paper concludes that the future of HR lies in a partnership between humans and AI, where technology enhances rather than replaces human judgment and relational skills.
Occupational Mental Health and Organizational Development
Occupational mental health remains an underexplored aspect of organizational development in the Global South. In many workplaces, stigma, scarce resources, weak enforcement of labor standards, and the realities of informal employment continue to limit progress. This paper examines how employee wellbeing connects to organizational performance and long-term sustainability, and it argues that mental health should be treated as a form of organizational capital rather than a secondary concern. Evidence from Africa and Asia is compared with established models such as the United Kingdom’s Health and Safety Executive standards and the World Health Organization’s Healthy Workplace framework. The discussion identifies major gaps in policy, workplace culture, and human resource practices. It also suggests that proactive, culturally sensitive, and sector-specific approaches are needed to improve engagement, creativity, and retention among employees. Practical recommendations include integrating mental health into human resource systems, creating supportive workplace cultures, and promoting policy interventions at both organizational and government levels. The paper calls for a shift in how organizational psychology and management studies in the Global South treat occupational mental health, proposing a research and practice agenda that positions wellbeing as a foundation for sustainable organizational development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eric Kwasi Elliason, Dr Bushra S.P. Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Targeting Neuro-inflammation with Herbal Compounds
Neuroinflammation has emerged as a key pathological feature underlying several brain disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression. The sustained activation of microglia and astrocytes leads to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal loss. Conventional anti-inflammatory therapies often show limited efficacy in the central nervous system due to poor blood–brain barrier penetration and systemic side effects. In recent years, herbal compounds have gained attention as promising modulators of neuroinflammation owing to their multitargeted mechanisms, antioxidant properties, and favorable safety profiles. Phytochemicals such as curcumin, quercetin, naringenin, Ginkgo biloba, and ashwagandha exhibit potent neuroprotective actions by regulating pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2, thereby reducing cytokine production andoxidative injury. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and explores how herbal compounds can counteract these processes to prevent or mitigate neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric conditions. It also discusses challenges in formulation, bioavailability, and clinical translation, highlighting the future potential of plant-based therapeutics as an emerging strategy for targeting neuroinflammation in brain disorders.
Green Growth and Sustainable Development
The transition to a low-carbon economy represents one of the most significant economic transformations of the 21st century, requiring fundamental changes in production systems, consumption patterns, and policy frameworks. This paper examines the concept of green growth as a pathway to sustainable development, analyzing economic strategies that can facilitate the transition to a low-carbon future while maintaining economic prosperity. Through a comprehensive review of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence, this study explores the mechanisms through which economies can decouple economic growth from environmental degradation. The analysis reveals that successful green growth strategies require coordinated policy interventions, including carbon pricing mechanisms, green fiscal policies, sustainable finance frameworks, and innovation support systems. While challenges remain regarding the feasibility of absolute decoupling and the pace of transformation required, evidence suggests that well-designed green growth strategies can deliver both environmental and economic benefits. The paper concludes that achieving sustainable development goals requires a paradigm shift toward circular economic models, supported by appropriate institutional frameworks and international cooperation.
A Qualitative Study on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Cultural Beliefs Related to Kidney Health among Youth in Liberia
Background: Kidney disease is a new public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa, but nothing is known regarding how young populations perceive and act on kidney health issues. Cultural beliefs, lifestyle habits, and restricted health education among Liberian youth might influence awareness and behavior regarding kidney function and kidney disease prevention. This research examines knowledge, attitudes, and cultural beliefs about kidney health among Liberian youth from different urban and peri-urban communities. Methodology: A qualitative design was used, with 470 Liberian young people aged between 15–35 years recruited from ten communities in Montserrado, Bong, and Grand Bassa counties. Data were obtained using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with a researcher-developed interview guide. Selection of participants occurred through purposive and snowball sampling to attain representation by gender, education status, and socio-economic status. Interviews were taken in English and Liberian English, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was utilized, with inductive coding used to find patterns and emerging themes. NVivo computer software was used to support organization and qualitative data analysis. Trustworthiness in research was assured through member checking, peer debriefing, and triangulation. Results The study results indicated extensive knowledge gaps regarding kidney function and disease prevention. Most respondents linked kidney issues with religious, alcohol, or cultural diet factors. The attitudes of participants toward kidney health were marked by low perceived vulnerability and little regular practice of preventive measures like hydration and medical testing. Health-seeking practices were very much under the influence of cultural beliefs, and herbal remedies and traditional healers were greatly preferred over biomedical care. Peer influence, financial constraints, and misinformation were main obstacles to timely detection and treatment. Conclusion: The research highlights the critical necessity for culturally appropriate health education and community awareness schemes specifically focused on Liberian youth and kidney health. Closing knowledge gaps and reframing attitudes by youth-oriented interventions could potentially decrease the long-term kidney disease burden in Liberia.
A Community-Based Investigation into the Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Nutritional Health Outcomes Among Liberian Populations in the Context of Emerging Dietary Challenges
Background: Liberia is experiencing profound dietary changes characterized by urbanization, economic transformation, and the spread of consumption of processed foods. At the same time, alcohol drinking continues to be common among communities, calling for its effects on public health to be examined. This research examines the interconnection between consumption of alcohol and nutritional health outcomes in Liberia amidst changing dietary patterns. Methods: A six-month cross-sectional community-based study (September 2024 to February 2025) was carried out in urban and rural counties of Liberia. Stratified random sampling was employed to recruit 3,453 adult participants. Structured questionnaires were used to measure socio-demographics, alcohol consumption, dietary behavior, and health outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression models. Results: Alcohol drinking was reported by 62.8% of participants. High-frequency drinkers (≥3 times/week) were more likely to miss meals (73.1%), have low fruit and vegetable consumption (66.9%), and consume processed foods (58.3%). Nutritional signs like weakness (41.3%) and unintended weight loss (36.7%) were more prevalent in regular drinkers. Logistic Liberia is experiencing profound dietary changes characterized by urbanization, economic change, and the spread of processed food eating. At the same time, alcohol use continues to be common among communities, and concern is raised regarding its effect on public health. This research examines the association between alcohol use and nutritional health outcomes in Liberia during changing dietary trends.regression indicated that excessive alcohol use independently predicted symptoms of undernutrition (AOR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.87–2.91, p < 0.001). Moreover, 64.1% of the respondents reported a decrease in community dietary quality over the last five years. Conclusion: Alcohol use is strongly linked with negative nutritional health status among Liberian communities. The findings highlight the pressing need for holistic health interventions on alcohol reduction, nutrition education, and food access enhancement.
Impact of the Recent Ebola Epidemics on Economies and Health Care Systems in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
The most recent terrible Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa has had a serious effect on the economies and health systems of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, countries which already had weak infrastructure and very little else in the way of means and material. This research uses quantitative data and a qualitative approach to explore the impact of the pandemic on essential economic indicators – GDP and the performance of the health system. It was found that Liberia was the worst-affected in terms of economic impact (a decline of 10% of GDP) and health worker loss (20%), while Guinea fared relatively better in terms economic resilience. There were the most of confirmed cases in Sierra Leone (9,300), along with significant disruptions to vaccination. A qualitative analysis identifies several barriers including misinformation, burnout of healthcare workers, and inadequate epidemic preparedness. These results highlight the importance of investing in health systems, economic diversification, and regional cooperation to prevent the effects of future epidemics. The paper is conducting a comparative study among the three nation’s states and delivers some policy recommendation to improve the region epidemic resilience.
Assessing Healthcare Workers’ Knowledge of Tuberculosis Case Detection in Wassa Amenfi West Municipal, Ghana
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading public health threat, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where delayed case detection contributes significantly to disease transmission and mortality. Despite the availability of effective diagnostic tools and treatment, Ghana continues to face challenges in early TB case identification. This study assessed the knowledge levels of healthcare workers regarding TB case detection in Wassa Amenfi West Municipal, Ghana. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, targeting 146 healthcare workers across various facilities. Stratified random sampling ensured representation among physicians, nurses, laboratory technicians, and public health officers. Data were collected using structured questionnaires assessing knowledge on TB symptoms, transmission, diagnostic methods, and detection practices. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, applying descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, ANOVA, and regression models to determine associations between knowledge levels and demographic factors. Results: The findings revealed significant knowledge gaps among healthcare workers. While 88.4% correctly identified airborne transmission, 31% erroneously believed TB is caused by a virus. Years of experience and educational level were significantly associated with knowledge of TB symptoms and case detection procedures (p < 0.05). Most respondents (65.1%) rated their knowledge and confidence as moderate. Regression analysis indicated that employment status and professional role significantly influenced the choice of diagnostic samples, while higher education correlated positively with TB knowledge. A concerning 73% believed it was not possible to distinguish between active and latent TB using symptoms and standard diagnostic tests. Conclusion: Although healthcare workers in Wassa Amenfi West Municipal demonstrate general awareness of TB transmission and symptoms, critical misconceptions persist. Professional role, education, and years of experience significantly affect knowledge and detection practices. Strengthening training programs, standardizing diagnostic protocols, and fostering inter-professional collaboration are essential for improving TB case detection and ultimately reducing transmission.
This paper explores the trade policies of the Trump administration within the framework of economic nationalism and globalization, focusing on the period 2017-2021. It assesses the impact of key decisions such as the imposition of tariffs on Chinese imports, the NAFTA renegotiation into USMCA, withdrawal from Trans Pacific Partnership, and overarching strategic goals to understand the intended and unintended consequences of Trump’s international trade policies. Drawing from a range of sources including empirical economic data, policy documents, and literature focused on trade theory, I contend that the policies employed during Trump’s presidency marked a pivot from decades of U.S. trade liberalization policies towards a nationalist approach. In his research, there are mixed economic results where certain industries reaped the rewards of protectionist policies while other industries faced mounting expenses. The conclusion reached is that Trump’s trade policies are indicative of a re-evaluation taking place worldwide concerning the unquestioned advantages of globalization, highlighting possible significant impacts on the global and U.S. framework for international trade and policy in the near future.
Exploring the Prevalence, Causes, and Impacts of Pethidine Addiction Among Nurses, Midwives, and Doctors in Ghanaian Health Facilities
Objectives: In Ghana, Pethidine addiction poses a notable problem for the healthcare cadre, including nurses, midwives, and doctors. The controlled nature of this substance, together with its ease of access within the confines of the healthcare system, occupational stress, and lack of adequate regulatory controls has led to Pethidine abuse. This study seeks to assess the extent Pethidine addiction among health workers in Ghanaian healthcare facilities, the reasons behind it, and its impacts. Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken in five major hospitals across Ghana from January to June 2024. Structured questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data from 300 healthcare workers (120 nurses, 100 midwives, and 80 doctors). In addition, some hospital records were analyzed to evaluate the Pethidine procurement and usage pattern in the institution. Using SPSS software, data was analyzed to determine the prevalence of addiction, its causes, and the impacts on professional performance. Results: It was found that 28% of respondents misused Pethidine at some point in their nursing, midwifery, or medical career. Nurses had the highest prevalence with 35% while midwives and doctors had 25% and 18% respectively. Other contributing factors consisted of high occupational stress (70%), unawareness towards the risks of addiction (55%), and lack of monitoring over controlled drugs (40%). The repercussions of addiction were seen in a worker’s productive output (45%), absences (30%), and makeshift tending to patients (25%). Alongside this, participants expressed a lack of access to rehabilitation services or support programs within their workplaces. Conclusion: Pethidine addiction amongst health workers in Ghana is a critical concern that fundamentally undermines the integrity of healthcare and patient safety. This problem can be solved by enforcing strict drug control policies, tailored educational interventions around addiction, and readily available rehabilitation programs for these patients. Concerted action from the healthcare institutions and the regulatory bodies is needed to curb this emerging threat.