Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
The Interdisciplinary Journal of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation (IJAARAI) is a peer-reviewed academic journal committed to advancing interdisciplinary scholarship that addresses contemporary development challenges and opportunities across Africa and Asia. Established under the auspices of the African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation, the journal serves as a platform for researchers, academics, policymakers, innovators, development practitioners, and advocates to disseminate high-quality research and evidence-based perspectives that contribute to social transformation, policy development, and sustainable progress. IJAARAI promotes the integration of diverse academic disciplines in order to generate holistic and context-responsive solutions to complex regional and global issues. The journal welcomes contributions from fields including public health, education, governance, economics, technology, environmental studies, gender studies, social sciences, humanities, and innovation studies. By encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, the journal seeks to bridge the gap between academic research, policy formulation, and practical implementation. A core focus of the journal is the promotion of African- and Asian-led scholarship that centers indigenous knowledge systems, innovation, equity, and sustainable development. The journal encourages research that amplifies local perspectives, strengthens community resilience, and advances transformative approaches to development within Global South contexts. Comparative studies exploring shared experiences and lessons between Africa and Asia are also strongly encouraged. Beyond traditional academic publishing, IJAARAI emphasizes research advocacy and innovation by highlighting the practical implications of scholarly work in governance, institutional reform, community development, entrepreneurship, and public policy. The journal is committed to supporting both emerging and established scholars, including researchers from the African and Asian diasporas, through an inclusive and accessible publication process. Published quarterly, IJAARAI maintains rigorous academic and ethical standards through a double-blind peer review process. Manuscripts are evaluated based on originality, methodological rigor, scholarly relevance, and potential impact on policy and practice. Through its commitment to interdisciplinary inquiry, advocacy, and innovation, the journal contributes meaningfully to the advancement of knowledge that supports resilience, sustainability, and inclusive development across Africa, Asia, and the broader Global South.
African Alliance for Research, Advocacy and Innovation
Targeting Neuro-inflammation with Herbal Compounds
Neuroinflammation has emerged as a key pathological feature underlying several brain disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression. The sustained activation of microglia and astrocytes leads to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal loss. Conventional anti-inflammatory therapies often show limited efficacy in the central nervous system due to poor blood–brain barrier penetration and systemic side effects. In recent years, herbal compounds have gained attention as promising modulators of neuroinflammation owing to their multitargeted mechanisms, antioxidant properties, and favorable safety profiles. Phytochemicals such as curcumin, quercetin, naringenin, Ginkgo biloba, and ashwagandha exhibit potent neuroprotective actions by regulating pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and Nrf2, thereby reducing cytokine production andoxidative injury. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and explores how herbal compounds can counteract these processes to prevent or mitigate neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric conditions. It also discusses challenges in formulation, bioavailability, and clinical translation, highlighting the future potential of plant-based therapeutics as an emerging strategy for targeting neuroinflammation in brain disorders.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Green Growth and Sustainable Development
The transition to a low-carbon economy represents one of the most significant economic transformations of the 21st century, requiring fundamental changes in production systems, consumption patterns, and policy frameworks. This paper examines the concept of green growth as a pathway to sustainable development, analyzing economic strategies that can facilitate the transition to a low-carbon future while maintaining economic prosperity. Through a comprehensive review of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence, this study explores the mechanisms through which economies can decouple economic growth from environmental degradation. The analysis reveals that successful green growth strategies require coordinated policy interventions, including carbon pricing mechanisms, green fiscal policies, sustainable finance frameworks, and innovation support systems. While challenges remain regarding the feasibility of absolute decoupling and the pace of transformation required, evidence suggests that well-designed green growth strategies can deliver both environmental and economic benefits. The paper concludes that achieving sustainable development goals requires a paradigm shift toward circular economic models, supported by appropriate institutional frameworks and international cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Qualitative Study on the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Cultural Beliefs Related to Kidney Health among Youth in Liberia
Background: Kidney disease is a new public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa, but nothing is known regarding how young populations perceive and act on kidney health issues. Cultural beliefs, lifestyle habits, and restricted health education among Liberian youth might influence awareness and behavior regarding kidney function and kidney disease prevention. This research examines knowledge, attitudes, and cultural beliefs about kidney health among Liberian youth from different urban and peri-urban communities. Methodology: A qualitative design was used, with 470 Liberian young people aged between 15–35 years recruited from ten communities in Montserrado, Bong, and Grand Bassa counties. Data were obtained using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with a researcher-developed interview guide. Selection of participants occurred through purposive and snowball sampling to attain representation by gender, education status, and socio-economic status. Interviews were taken in English and Liberian English, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was utilized, with inductive coding used to find patterns and emerging themes. NVivo computer software was used to support organization and qualitative data analysis. Trustworthiness in research was assured through member checking, peer debriefing, and triangulation. Results The study results indicated extensive knowledge gaps regarding kidney function and disease prevention. Most respondents linked kidney issues with religious, alcohol, or cultural diet factors. The attitudes of participants toward kidney health were marked by low perceived vulnerability and little regular practice of preventive measures like hydration and medical testing. Health-seeking practices were very much under the influence of cultural beliefs, and herbal remedies and traditional healers were greatly preferred over biomedical care. Peer influence, financial constraints, and misinformation were main obstacles to timely detection and treatment. Conclusion: The research highlights the critical necessity for culturally appropriate health education and community awareness schemes specifically focused on Liberian youth and kidney health. Closing knowledge gaps and reframing attitudes by youth-oriented interventions could potentially decrease the long-term kidney disease burden in Liberia.
A Community-Based Investigation into the Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Nutritional Health Outcomes Among Liberian Populations in the Context of Emerging Dietary Challenges
Background: Liberia is experiencing profound dietary changes characterized by urbanization, economic transformation, and the spread of consumption of processed foods. At the same time, alcohol drinking continues to be common among communities, calling for its effects on public health to be examined. This research examines the interconnection between consumption of alcohol and nutritional health outcomes in Liberia amidst changing dietary patterns. Methods: A six-month cross-sectional community-based study (September 2024 to February 2025) was carried out in urban and rural counties of Liberia. Stratified random sampling was employed to recruit 3,453 adult participants. Structured questionnaires were used to measure socio-demographics, alcohol consumption, dietary behavior, and health outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression models. Results: Alcohol drinking was reported by 62.8% of participants. High-frequency drinkers (≥3 times/week) were more likely to miss meals (73.1%), have low fruit and vegetable consumption (66.9%), and consume processed foods (58.3%). Nutritional signs like weakness (41.3%) and unintended weight loss (36.7%) were more prevalent in regular drinkers. Logistic Liberia is experiencing profound dietary changes characterized by urbanization, economic change, and the spread of processed food eating. At the same time, alcohol use continues to be common among communities, and concern is raised regarding its effect on public health. This research examines the association between alcohol use and nutritional health outcomes in Liberia during changing dietary trends.regression indicated that excessive alcohol use independently predicted symptoms of undernutrition (AOR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.87–2.91, p < 0.001). Moreover, 64.1% of the respondents reported a decrease in community dietary quality over the last five years. Conclusion: Alcohol use is strongly linked with negative nutritional health status among Liberian communities. The findings highlight the pressing need for holistic health interventions on alcohol reduction, nutrition education, and food access enhancement.
Impact of the Recent Ebola Epidemics on Economies and Health Care Systems in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
The most recent terrible Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa has had a serious effect on the economies and health systems of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, countries which already had weak infrastructure and very little else in the way of means and material. This research uses quantitative data and a qualitative approach to explore the impact of the pandemic on essential economic indicators – GDP and the performance of the health system. It was found that Liberia was the worst-affected in terms of economic impact (a decline of 10% of GDP) and health worker loss (20%), while Guinea fared relatively better in terms economic resilience. There were the most of confirmed cases in Sierra Leone (9,300), along with significant disruptions to vaccination. A qualitative analysis identifies several barriers including misinformation, burnout of healthcare workers, and inadequate epidemic preparedness. These results highlight the importance of investing in health systems, economic diversification, and regional cooperation to prevent the effects of future epidemics. The paper is conducting a comparative study among the three nation’s states and delivers some policy recommendation to improve the region epidemic resilience.
Assessing Healthcare Workers’ Knowledge of Tuberculosis Case Detection in Wassa Amenfi West Municipal, Ghana
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading public health threat, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where delayed case detection contributes significantly to disease transmission and mortality. Despite the availability of effective diagnostic tools and treatment, Ghana continues to face challenges in early TB case identification. This study assessed the knowledge levels of healthcare workers regarding TB case detection in Wassa Amenfi West Municipal, Ghana. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, targeting 146 healthcare workers across various facilities. Stratified random sampling ensured representation among physicians, nurses, laboratory technicians, and public health officers. Data were collected using structured questionnaires assessing knowledge on TB symptoms, transmission, diagnostic methods, and detection practices. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, applying descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, ANOVA, and regression models to determine associations between knowledge levels and demographic factors. Results: The findings revealed significant knowledge gaps among healthcare workers. While 88.4% correctly identified airborne transmission, 31% erroneously believed TB is caused by a virus. Years of experience and educational level were significantly associated with knowledge of TB symptoms and case detection procedures (p < 0.05). Most respondents (65.1%) rated their knowledge and confidence as moderate. Regression analysis indicated that employment status and professional role significantly influenced the choice of diagnostic samples, while higher education correlated positively with TB knowledge. A concerning 73% believed it was not possible to distinguish between active and latent TB using symptoms and standard diagnostic tests. Conclusion: Although healthcare workers in Wassa Amenfi West Municipal demonstrate general awareness of TB transmission and symptoms, critical misconceptions persist. Professional role, education, and years of experience significantly affect knowledge and detection practices. Strengthening training programs, standardizing diagnostic protocols, and fostering inter-professional collaboration are essential for improving TB case detection and ultimately reducing transmission.
This paper explores the trade policies of the Trump administration within the framework of economic nationalism and globalization, focusing on the period 2017-2021. It assesses the impact of key decisions such as the imposition of tariffs on Chinese imports, the NAFTA renegotiation into USMCA, withdrawal from Trans Pacific Partnership, and overarching strategic goals to understand the intended and unintended consequences of Trump’s international trade policies. Drawing from a range of sources including empirical economic data, policy documents, and literature focused on trade theory, I contend that the policies employed during Trump’s presidency marked a pivot from decades of U.S. trade liberalization policies towards a nationalist approach. In his research, there are mixed economic results where certain industries reaped the rewards of protectionist policies while other industries faced mounting expenses. The conclusion reached is that Trump’s trade policies are indicative of a re-evaluation taking place worldwide concerning the unquestioned advantages of globalization, highlighting possible significant impacts on the global and U.S. framework for international trade and policy in the near future.
Exploring the Prevalence, Causes, and Impacts of Pethidine Addiction Among Nurses, Midwives, and Doctors in Ghanaian Health Facilities
Objectives: In Ghana, Pethidine addiction poses a notable problem for the healthcare cadre, including nurses, midwives, and doctors. The controlled nature of this substance, together with its ease of access within the confines of the healthcare system, occupational stress, and lack of adequate regulatory controls has led to Pethidine abuse. This study seeks to assess the extent Pethidine addiction among health workers in Ghanaian healthcare facilities, the reasons behind it, and its impacts. Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken in five major hospitals across Ghana from January to June 2024. Structured questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data from 300 healthcare workers (120 nurses, 100 midwives, and 80 doctors). In addition, some hospital records were analyzed to evaluate the Pethidine procurement and usage pattern in the institution. Using SPSS software, data was analyzed to determine the prevalence of addiction, its causes, and the impacts on professional performance. Results: It was found that 28% of respondents misused Pethidine at some point in their nursing, midwifery, or medical career. Nurses had the highest prevalence with 35% while midwives and doctors had 25% and 18% respectively. Other contributing factors consisted of high occupational stress (70%), unawareness towards the risks of addiction (55%), and lack of monitoring over controlled drugs (40%). The repercussions of addiction were seen in a worker’s productive output (45%), absences (30%), and makeshift tending to patients (25%). Alongside this, participants expressed a lack of access to rehabilitation services or support programs within their workplaces. Conclusion: Pethidine addiction amongst health workers in Ghana is a critical concern that fundamentally undermines the integrity of healthcare and patient safety. This problem can be solved by enforcing strict drug control policies, tailored educational interventions around addiction, and readily available rehabilitation programs for these patients. Concerted action from the healthcare institutions and the regulatory bodies is needed to curb this emerging threat.
Barriers to Accessing Primary Health Services In Rural Sierra Leone And India
Background: Universal access to primary health care (PHC) has become the bedrock of initiatives to achieve universal health coverage yet rural populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) still suffer significant inequities. Both situated in divergent health system setups and economic conditions, Sierra Leone and India faces comparable obstacles to rural health access including lack of infrastructure, inadequate manpower and socio-cultural barriers. With this objective, the present study was an attempt to compare community perceptions and utilization of PHC services in rural areas of Sierra Leone and India to understand the main barriers and enabling factors. Method: A cross-sectional, sequential explanatory mixed-methods study was conducted between January and March 2025. Interviews were conducted with 188 participants (92 from rural areas in Sierra Leone; 96 from rural areas in India) using structured questionnaires. The survey collected demographic factors, perceptions of PHC service quality and access, and patterns of use. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively, chi-squared and binary logistic regression to determine predictors of PHC access. Results: The results indicated that 68.5% of respondents in India accessed PHC, in comparison to 52.2% in Sierra Leone. The most common barriers faced in the two countries were distance to facilities (67.6%), lack of drugs (61.2%) and lack of skilled staff (58.3%). Significant relationships were described for PHC use with educational level (χ² = 10.45, p < 0.01), work status (χ² = 7.63, p < 0.05) and location of proximity to health care services (χ² = 14.27, p < 0.001). The odds ratio from the logistic regression analysis was 2.7 (95% CI = 1.6–4.5) for those living within 5 km of the health facility to use PHC services. Conclusions: Enhancing the accessibility of PHC in rural Sierra Leone and India requires an integrated, equity-oriented strategy focused on health system strengthening, community engagement, and technological innovation. As the emergency period is likely to be a time of high transmission, the results of this study further emphasise the need for simultaneous attention to both supply- and demand-side constraints, and this investment should include in health infrastructure, work force strengthening and innovative approaches, with a focus on culturally sensitive community engagement of all populations in the quest for health for all.
Patient Perceptions and Acceptance of Digital Radiography and Teleradiology in India
Background: Digital radiography and teleradiology have emerged as transformative tools in India’s healthcare landscape, addressing critical gaps in diagnostic access, particularly in rural and underserved regions. Despite their potential to reduce travel burdens, enable timely diagnoses, and optimize resource allocation, patient acceptance remains pivotal to their sustainable integration. Limited empirical insights into patient perceptions of these technologies in the Indian context underscore the need for this study. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted across urban and rural tertiary care centers in Punjab, India, involving 512 participants. Quantitative data were collected via structured surveys assessing awareness, trust, satisfaction, and willingness to adopt digital radiography and teleradiology. Qualitative insights were derived from semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions (30 participants) exploring lived experiences, concerns, and expectations. Statistical analyses included regression modeling, while thematic analysis identified patterns in qualitative responses. Results: Quantitative results showed moderate general knowledge about teleradiology (58%), while there was a high willingness to use teleradiology (82%), due to a reduction of travel activities and acceleration of therapies. Higher proportion of urban youth reported awareness (72%) when compared to their rural counterparts (44%). There was confidence in digital accuracy (78%) but concerns over data privacy (65%) and impersonal care (49%) remained. Qualitative themes raised a sense of appreciation for effortlessness and quickness, but anxiousness about technical problems, poor communication, and privacy issues. Conclusion: Although the acceptability of digital radiographs and teleradiology is encouraging among patients in India, there are knowledge gaps and concerns for privacy issues and provider communication that need to be addressed. Education programs, approaches to data sharing and care models which focus on the patient are needed to support trust and fair adoption. These findings advocate policy and infrastructural reforms to align technological advancements with patient needs, ensuring inclusive healthcare delivery.
Post-Ebola Strengthening of Primary Health Care in Sierra Leone
Background: The 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa exposed critical weaknesses in the primary health care (PHC) systems of affected countries, including Sierra Leone. In the aftermath, efforts have been made to rebuild and strengthen PHC structures. This study aimed to assess the level of community readiness and identify systemic gaps in PHC delivery across selected districts in Sierra Leone. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, collecting data from 380 community members across five districts using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression were conducted to evaluate levels of community awareness, trust, participation, and systemic health service factors such as workforce availability and drug supply. Results: Findings revealed a high level of community awareness (M = 4.18, SD = 0.76) and moderate trust in local health authorities (M = 3.68, SD = 0.91), indicating improved public engagement with PHC systems post-Ebola. However, community involvement in decision-making and feedback mechanisms remained limited. Significant systemic challenges were identified, including inadequate trained personnel (M = 3.22), inconsistent drug supply (M = 2.91), and underdeveloped referral and medical equipment systems. Regression analysis showed that availability of trained health personnel (β = 0.241, p = 0.001) and consistent drug supply (β = 0.198, p = 0.012) significantly predicted community readiness. Conclusion: While community engagement in Sierra Leone's PHC system has improved, significant systemic barriers continue to undermine its effectiveness. The interdependence between community readiness and institutional capacity underscores the need for a dual strategy: enhancing health system infrastructure and fostering participatory governance. Targeted investments in workforce development, supply chains, and inclusive health planning are essential to achieving resilient, people-centered PHC. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders committed to advancing universal health coverage in post-crisis contexts.
Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds as Potential Therapeutics in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Plant-derived bioactive compounds have provided an attractive and versatile approach to address the challenge of neurodegenerative diseases that remain a critical global health concern due to progressive progression and lack of therapeutic treatment. These diseases include Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington and are characterized by complex pathologies and include oxidative stress, abnormal protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis that eventually lead to impaired cognition, mobility, and general neurobiological functioning. The traditional pharmacological treatment methods mainly offer relief in the form of symptoms and have a minimal effect of slowing down the process of disease, which is why new forms of treatment are urgently needed. The recent pharmacological studies have progressively emphasized the strong medicinal potential of plant bioactive components, including polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. These constituents show a biomolecular range of neuroprotective effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cholinesterase as well as anti-aggregation which are direct antagonists of the pathological processes of neurodegeneration. Consistently, both preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that these secondary metabolites are capable of alleviating neuronal damage through the effect of modulating cellular signalling pathways, reactive oxygen species, supporting mitochondrial activity, and inhibition of apoptotic cascades. Bacosides (derived with Bacopa monnieri), acteoside, and pinocembrin have been found to, respectively, inhibit neuronal apoptosis, confer anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties critical to neuroprotection. The growing body of evidence that functional synergy exists between plant-derived compounds and current pharmacotherapies indicates that combination strategies could be used to improve therapeutic outcomes and elevate clinical outcomes.
Smart Nanomaterials for Targeted Stem Cell Modulation
Smart nanomaterials have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cell based regenerative medicine. Among these, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers offer precise spatiotemporal control over drug delivery and cellular modulation by responding to specific biological or physicochemical triggers such as pH, temperature, enzymes, and redox gradients. These advanced systems improve stem cell homing, survival, differentiation, and immunomodulatory functions while minimizing systemic toxicity. Despite their significant advantages, concerns related to safety, including cytotoxicity, immunogenicity, biodistribution, and long-term toxicity, remain critical barriers to clinical translation. Furthermore, the integration of nanotechnology with stem cell therapy introduces additional complexity in manufacturing, requiring strict adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards to ensure product quality, reproducibility, and safety. This review critically evaluates the design, mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of responsive nanocarriers for targeted stem cell modulation. It also examines current GMP requirements, regulatory challenges, and translational hurdles associated with these hybrid systems. Finally, future perspectives focusing on scalable manufacturing, standardized regulatory frameworks, and advanced biomimetic nanomaterials are discussed to accelerate clinical adoption.
An integral part of environmental pharmacology is the emerging field of Eco pharmacology, which addresses the ecological consequences of drug consumption and improper medication disposal. As the number of pharmaceuticals consumed by people in the global world has increased, drug residues are becoming sources of emerging concern, caused by their ability to linger in the aquatic and land flourishing systems. Knowledge, attitudes, and disposal practices are emphasized in this review to ratify the imperative role of pharmacy students in reducing pharmaceutical pollution. Research has shown that the perceived knowledge of the concept of eco-pharmacology connotes a knowledge gap, where a small section of students has some understanding of the term eco-pharmacology and its environmental applicability. Even though a positive attitude toward safe disposal and environmental protection among pharmacy students is widespread, improper ways of disposal (disposal of medications into domestic waste or flushing them down the toilet) still appear to be a prevalent phenomenon. The absence of national pharmaceutical take-back programs in most regions adds to this unsafe practice, as there is limited curricular focus on it. Additionally, the level of awareness of antimicrobial residues as the root cause of resistance is quite low. Learning programs in pharmacies, introduction of take-back systems, and intervention to improve awareness and surveillance to encourage sustainable practices through policy interventions are vital. Finally, becoming ecologically literate in the way pharmacology is being handled is essential to both protecting ecosystems and reducing the impact on human and animal health.
The increase in the size and complexity of drug safety information is increasingly pushing the traditional pharmacovigilance systems towards failure in timely detecting adverse drug reactions, as well as ineffective signal identification. Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence can bring revolutionary prospects to advance drug safety monitoring with its automated data processing, recognition of the patterns, and predictive analytics. The review focuses on the assessment of existing AI and ML uses, advantages, and drawbacks in pharmacovigilance. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were selected as the databases that underwent a systematic literature search of the publications published between 2020 and 2025 using the following key words as pharmacovigilance, AI, ML, ADRs, and drug safety monitoring. Relevant publications have been analyzed to determine the important technological methods, regulatory factors, and barriers to the implementation. The AI-based systems show a high level of enhancement in ADR detection rates, signal control, and automatic processing of cases. The practicality of natural Text analysis for extraction safety data in unstructured clinical stories and social media and the ability of Ml-based models to improve predictive risk stratification were demonstrated. Deep-learning solutions have specific potential in the use of electronic health records and real-world evidence. There are still issues of data standardization, transparency of the algorithms, compliance with the regulation, and integration with the current workflows. The adoption should be accompanied by sound validation structures and alignment with changing regulatory rules to succeed.
mRNA Therapeutics Beyond COVID-19 Vaccines
The BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines achieved success has never been so successful before, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) has proven itself to be a highly versatile and powerful platform in modern medicine. This breakthrough established the safety, efficacy and scalability of the mRNA-based interventions and the intensive research on their possible use beyond infectious diseases. Recent advances in mRNA engineering, nucleoside modification, and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems have transformed stability of mRNA, translation activity and local delivery on which the foundation of future generation therapeutic is based. The technology of mRNA is now applied to the clinical uses of precise medicine through mRNA vaccines in order to induce tumor specific anticancer immunotherapy; genetic disease, where mRNA vaccine is used to induce tissue regeneration and angiogenesis; and autoimmune regulation where mRNA technology is used to regenerate the immune tolerance. Also, mRNA is necessary to execute the CRISPR-based gene editing and enables the delivery of gene-editing elements to cells in a temporary and controllable manner to repair pathogenic mutations. All these developments lead to the future of mRNA as a therapy and preventive and control agent against complicated diseases, which are too specific and adaptable. The review will look at the revolutionary process of mRNA therapeutics beyond COVID 19 vaccines, the revolutionary change in technology, therapeutic use and future opportunities that lead to the centre of cancer precision and targeted therapy with mRNA.
Innovative CRISPR-Cas9 Strategies for Epigenetic Modulation of HIV-1 Latency
The most significant barrier to curing HIV-1 is the persistence of HIV-1 in latent reservoirs, distinct populations of long-lived, transcriptionally silent cells located in blood, lymphoid tissues, gastrointestinal (gut-associated lymphoid tissue), and central nervous system, which necessitate lifelong antiretroviral therapy but reliably fail to result in viral eradication. Maintenance of these reservoirs in an epigenetic state is achieved by DNA methylation, a repressive chromatin remodelling and histone modification and is the mechanism that evades immune detection of the integrated proviruses. Several promising advances are noted herein, such as multiplexed guide RNAs to concurrently target multiple proviral and host regulatory sites; tissue-specific delivery through viral vectors with tissue-specific promoters, ligand-decorated lipid nanoparticles, and exosome delivery; and a concept of integrating combinatorial gene editing with latency reversing agents and broadly neutralizing antibodies to increase immune-mediated eradication. Complimentary preclinical verification procedures such as humanized mouse models and skilled organoids exhibit the security, performance, and versatility of such disciplines. A paradigm shift necessitated by the evidence is a global shift to personalized, reversible epigenetic modelling of latency to overcome heterogeneity and anatomical compartmentalization in the reservoir. In future progress in delivery, specificity, and multi-omic profiling is expected to propel faster clinical translation, not only in HIV-1 but also in other chronic viro-infections, and mark the dawn of a new age of curative genomic medicine.
Hydrogel materials are becoming an important tool in the field of pharmacology due to their high level of water content, biocompatibility, and the capability of entrapping a broad range of therapeutic agents. The amenable nature of their chemical structure of choice allows for effective regulation of drug loading and release via diffusion, swelling, degradation, and environmental stimulus responses, including pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Due to these properties, we can observe that hydrogels are intelligent and bio-responsible systems able to release drugs based on definite physiological requirements. The development of hydrogel-based systems is now being applied in oral, transdermal, ocular, injectable, and implantable delivery of drugs, and protein, peptide, and gene delivery. The emergent advances in polymer modification, nanotechnology, and crosslinking methodologies have resulted in hybrid and nanocomposite hydrogels with superior mechanical strength and tailored drug release profiles which makes the study in this field highly encouraging. Though mechanical stability, future sterilization problems, and even lack of biodegradability remain issues that curtail their translation to the clinic. These drawbacks demonstrate that, in the meantime, hydrogel cannot entirely substitute traditional systems of drug delivery. The future studies are hence directed towards establishing the hydrogel platforms that can be employed as therapy, diagnostic, and patient-specific systems. Through the current interdisciplinary efforts and technological advancements, there are high hopes for hydrogel and hydrogel-based drug delivery systems to be widely applicable in targeted and controlled drug delivery in the near future
Emerging Drug Targets and Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is approximately 10–20% of all breast-cancer diagnoses and is a clinically aggressive, biologically heterogeneous phenotype that results as concomitant deficiency of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression. In its turn, this molecular signature limits the number of targeted therapies and is associated with a dreadful prognosis and a high recurrence rate compared to other subtypes of breast-cancer. Traditionally, the management was based on systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy; however, over the last ten years, there has been an impressive advancement that completely changed the treatment environment of TNBC. Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) has become an essential therapeutic breakthrough, which enables the delivery of highly potent cytotoxic compounds to malignant cells in a targeted manner. Newer drugs like Sacituzumab govitecan and trastuzumab deruxtecan have produced significant effects on progression-free and overall survival particularly in HER2-low TNBC. There has also been an improvement in PD-L1 positive early-stage and metastatic TNBC with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), especially pembrolizumab, and synergy of chemo therapeutic agents. Additionally, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, among them olaparib and talazoparib have shown strong efficacy in the population with germline BRCA1/2 mutations through synthetic lethality. New treatment paradigms that query PI3K/AKT axis, androgen receptor signalling and DNA-damage-response (DDR) signatures are currently in strict development in biomarker-selected cohorts. Active clinical trials are testing the rational combination approaches that involve ADCs, ICIs, and PARP inhibitors among other targeted therapies which are expected to overcome the resistance to therapeutic effects and to prolong the duration of response.
Cancer Epigenetics Beyond DNA Methylation: Role of RNA Modifications (m6A, m5C) in Tumor Initiation and Therapy Resistance
Epigenetic regulation has turned out to be a key factor in the formation and progression of cancer. Histone modifications and DNA methylation have traditionally been considered to be the key epigenetic processes that mediate oncogenesis. Recent discoveries, however, emphasize the importance of other types of RNA modifications, i.e. N6 -methyl adenosine (m6A) and 5 -methyl cytosine (m5C) that creates an extra layer of gene control in malignant settings. These changes are dynamically coordinated by methyltransferases, demethylases and reader proteins to mediate important facets of RNA metabolism such as splicing, stability, translation and subcellular localization. Aberrant RNA methylation is one of the largest contributory factors to tumor formation, disease pathogenesis, immune-survival, and resistance to therapy. The imbalance between m6A and m5C disrupts the regular RNA metabolism, thus promoting oncogenic signalling, stem-cell-like behaviour of cancer cells, and immune escape. Consequently, growing data suggest that the development of aberrant RNA methylation is associated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy resistance. m6A/m5C perturbations activating particular molecular pathways involve increased DNA repair ability, metabolic repositioning and changed dynamics of antigen-presentation. The review summarizes the existing literature on the molecular processes controlled by m6A and m5C in cancer, and provides two summary tables one listing the canonical regulators of these RNA modifications as involved in oncogenesis, and the other listing their role in therapeutic resistance. Also, we discuss new therapeutic approaches which focus on the inhibition of RNA modification machineries, including inhibitors of major methyltransferases and reader proteins. Lastly, we touch on the future clinical uses of epitranscriptomic data in cancer, and how novel biomarkers and targeted therapies can improve the patient outcomes.
A Review of the Literature on the Adoption of Jolly Phonics Method by Teachers to Enhance Students’ English Literacy
The main aim of this study is to review the empirical literature available on the adoption of Jolly Phonics methods by teachers to improve their students’ English language skills. Specifically, it aims to summarise and “synthesize the results of” the previous studies conducted on teachers to know their perception about the effectiveness of JP program in enhancing students’ English literacy. Moreover, the researchers also endeavoured to identify research gaps and provided recommendations for future research through this study. The researchers have included 11 studies published between 2012 to 2024 in the review by following a pre-determined inclusion-exclusion criterion. The studies have been analysed in terms of their aims, methodology and the results reported by them. The results revealed that, majority of the studies reported that the participating teachers in the JP intervention found the program and JP resource material useful. They are satisfied with JP method and they believe that JP method can be successfully implemented on learners to improve their English literacy skills.
Background: The traditional thesis-based PhD model in Ghana has increasingly come under scrutiny for its limited relevance to real-world challenges, overemphasis on theoretical knowledge, and rising concerns about academic integrity, including widespread thesis outsourcing. In an era that demands innovation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and societal impact, Ghana’s doctoral education system requires urgent reform. This study aimed to explore the limitations of the current PhD model and to propose a practice-based and impact-oriented alternative tailored to Ghana’s educational and developmental context. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was adopted. Quantitative data were collected through surveys administered to 256 participants comprising PhD students, graduates, faculty members, and university administrators across five public universities in Ghana. Qualitative data were obtained through 24 in-depth interviews and 4 focus group discussions with academic stakeholders and employers of PhD holders. Additionally, policy documents and doctoral curricula were reviewed to assess the structural orientation of existing programs. Comparative analysis was conducted on international alternative models such as practice-led PhDs and industrial doctoral pathways. Results: Dissatisfaction emerged in the qualitative findings, as 78% of respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the current framework of their doctoral education as being too focused on the thesis and not designed to prepare them for practical or industry work challenges. Other concerns raised were insufficient interdisciplinary engagement, minimal focus on real-world problems, innovation, cooperation, and collaboration. There is substantial stakeholder demand for a more diversified PhD education model that features portfolio-based evaluation, community and industry-based co-continuous research, co-authorship, and focus on outcomes-based outputs from the doctoral candidates. A model was proposed focusing on the integration of practice, research, and professional advancement along with the study findings. Conclusion: The study, conducted in the context of Ghana, determined that the conventional PhD framework is antiquated and does not meet current academic, industrial, and societal needs. It is evident how a practice-oriented, impact-driven approach to doctoral education would benefit the proposed context. The proposed framework aims to provide a more responsive, accountable, and inclusive approach to doctoral education towards achieving national development priorities. There is expected increased value, integrity, and relevance of PhD training in Ghana and the rest of Africa if this approach is embraced by universities and policymakers.
Background: Ghanaian men endure notable forms of psychological distress owing to cultural expectations of masculinity that bridle pathways to assistance. With increasing cases of mental health issues such as depression and suicidal ideation, these men remain conspicuously underrepresented in clinical settings. This study explores the effects of toxic masculinity norms on emotional and psychological distress phenomena among Ghanaian men and simultaneously the refusal to seek professional help. Methods: The study used a mixed-method approach with three components: first, a quantitative survey with 400 Ghanaian men aged 18 – 60 from urban and rural settings assessing help-seeking attitudes using the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale, psychological distress measuring with the Kessler-10 scale, and masculinity beliefs through the Male Role Norms Inventory. Second, qualitative data was gathered through 30 in-depth interviews with psychologically distressed men about help-seeking barriers. Third, five focus group discussions were held with community leaders and men in mental health professions to remove gaps in the context. Results: An overwhelming 78% of respondents strongly agreed with the statement “men should handle problems alone,” which was associated with a greater degree of psychological distress. Moreover, only 12% of participants had ever sought professional psychological help, predominantly due to fears of being perceived as weak and a lack of mental health services tailored to men. Three broad themes emerged from qualitative analysis: the emotional suffering was framed as a reality to be endured by a “real man,” social isolation and alcohol use as harmful coping mechanisms, and the use of faith in religion or spirituality as less socially-concerning and more acceptable forms of coping as opposed to professional help. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the prevailing toxic masculinity norms within the Ghanaian context tend to worsen the psychological distress faced by individuals because help-seeking becomes extremely difficult. The research highlights the importance of addressing the gap using culture-appropriate strategies like community-focused male mental health programs and educative campaigns that promote help-seeking as a strength instead of a weakness. These actions may alleviate the psychological suffering understated yet silently carried by numerous Ghanaian men.
Embedding Trauma-Informed Care into Healthcare Leadership: A Paradigm Shift in Organizational Culture and Patient Outcomes
Background: The integration of trauma-informed care (TIC) principles into healthcare leadership represents a transformative approach that addresses the pervasive impact of trauma on both patients and healthcare providers. In the Indian healthcare context, where diverse socioeconomic challenges and cultural complexities intersect with healthcare delivery, implementing TIC through leadership initiatives becomes critically important for improving organizational culture and patient outcomes. Objective: This study examines the implementation of trauma-informed care principles within healthcare leadership frameworks in Indian healthcare institutions, analyzing the organizational cultural transformation and subsequent impact on patient outcomes, staff wellbeing, and institutional performance. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, including a systematic review of literature (2015-2024), cross-sectional surveys of 847 healthcare professionals across 12 major Indian hospitals, in-depth interviews with 45 healthcare leaders, and analysis of patient outcome data from institutions implementing TIC principles. The study utilized validated instruments including the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL-5), Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI), and Patient Satisfaction Survey adapted for Indian healthcare contexts. Results: Implementation of trauma-informed leadership practices resulted in significant improvements in organizational culture metrics (p < 0.001), with clan culture scores increasing by 34.2% and hierarchical culture decreasing by 28.5%. Patient satisfaction scores improved by 27.8% (95% CI: 24.1-31.5), readmission rates decreased by 15.3% (p < 0.05), and staff turnover reduced by 22.7%. Healthcare providers reported 31% reduction in secondary traumatic stress and 26% improvement in compassion satisfaction scores. Conclusion: The systematic integration of trauma-informed care principles into healthcare leadership creates a paradigm shift that enhances organizational culture, improves patient outcomes, and promotes staff wellbeing. The Indian healthcare context presents unique opportunities and challenges for TIC implementation, requiring culturally adapted leadership approaches that acknowledge historical trauma, social determinants, and organizational hierarchies.
Preventive Practices and Misconceptions About Malnutrition Among Mothers in Rural Ghana
Malnutrition remains a major health concern in rural Ghana despite numerous national nutrition initiatives. This study explored mothers’ preventive practices and common misconceptions regarding child malnutrition in Asankrangwa Catholic Hospital. A total of 205 mothers with children under five were surveyed using structured questionnaires. Results showed that while most mothers had heard about exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding, fewer than half practiced them consistently. Awareness of dietary diversity and hygiene practices was also moderate, yet actual adherence remained low. Misconceptions such as attributing malnutrition to spiritual attacks, teething, or witchcraft were common, especially among mothers with no formal education. Cross-tabulation analysis revealed that maternal education significantly influenced both preventive practices and belief in myths. The study highlights the need for health education strategies that are both practical and culturally appropriate to close the gap between knowledge and behavior in preventing child malnutrition.
Prevalence and Predictors of Trauma-Related Mental Health Outcomes Among Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in Africa During Conflict and Crisis
Background: Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Africa are frequently exposed to armed conflict, violence, and displacement-related trauma, placing them at heightened risk of mental health disorders. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of trauma-related mental health outcomes among refugees and IDPs in African conflict and crisis settings. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, African Journals Online (AJOL), and the UNHCR digital library, including grey literature, for studies published between January 2000 and July 2025. Eligible studies reported prevalence rates of PTSD, depression, anxiety, or psychological distress using validated instruments among African refugee or IDP populations. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate pooled prevalence estimates. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and publication bias was evaluated through funnel plot analysis. Results: Out of 3,365 identified records, 40 studies met inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, and 35 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence estimates were 37.8% (95% CI: 32.5–43.2%) for PTSD, 32.1% (95% CI: 27.0–37.8%) for depression, and 30.4% (95% CI: 25.3–36.1%) for anxiety. Subgroup analysis indicated higher prevalence among IDPs compared to refugees and among studies conducted in East and Central Africa. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies (I² > 90%). Conclusions: The findings reveal alarmingly high levels of trauma-related mental health conditions among refugees and IDPs in Africa, with considerable regional and population-based variations. These results underscore the urgent need for culturally adapted, trauma-informed mental health interventions in conflict-affected African settings.
Economic Impact of Digitalization on SME Internationalization
Rapid advances in digital technology are fundamentally changing the way small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) imagine and pursue opportunities overseas. This study assesses the economic impact of this transformation by balancing the advantages and hazards that online tools now present to firms ready to look beyond national markets. A systematic literature review, supplemented with field evidence, identifies factors such as infrastructure quality, managerial outlook, and external alliances that determine the depth and success with which SMEs integrate digital practices into their cross-border plans. The analysis showed that broader market access, faster supply chains, and data-informed choices often follow digital adoption. However, many companies remain hindered by cyber risk, skill shortages, and intensified global competition. Given these mixed results, this study offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and business leaders seeking to leverage digital capabilities to sustain international growth.
Age, Experience, and Professional Category Differences in Stress, Coping, and Wellbeing
Background: The psychological wellbeing of nurses and midwives is increasingly threatened by occupational stress. However, limited attention has been given to how demographic characteristics such as age, years of service, and professional category influence their experience of stress, coping strategies, and overall wellbeing, especially in sub-Saharan African contexts. Objective: This study investigated group differences and interaction effects of age, professional experience, and professional category on occupational stress, coping strategies, and psychological wellbeing among nurses and midwives in Catholic health facilities in Ghana. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study design was used. Data were collected from 287 nurses and midwives selected through stratified sampling across four hospitals. Standardized scales were used to measure occupational stress, coping strategies, and psychological wellbeing. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and post hoc ANOVAs were conducted to assess main and interaction effects of demographic variables on the three psychological outcomes. Results: Significant multivariate effects were observed for age, years of service, and professional category (p < .01). Younger respondents reported significantly higher stress levels and lower coping and wellbeing scores compared to older groups. Midwives reported better psychological wellbeing than nurses (F = 7.534, p = .007), while coping improved with years of service (F = 4.167, p = .006). Significant interaction effects were found between age and professional category on wellbeing, and between years of service and category on coping. Conclusion: Demographic factors substantially influence how nurses and midwives experience and respond to occupational stress. Younger, less experienced nurses are more vulnerable to poor psychological outcomes. These findings support the need for tailored mental health interventions and workforce policies that consider demographic-specific risks and protective factors to enhance resilience and wellbeing within the healthcare sector.
The Role of Indian Higher Education in Africa’s Knowledge Economy
Africa’s transition toward a knowledge-based economy is gaining momentum, driven by demographic growth, expanding digital infrastructure, and a continental push for education-led development. However, challenges such as limited higher education capacity, skill mismatches, and uneven research output persist. In this evolving landscape, India has positioned itself as a key partner through its education diplomacy, offering scholarships, digital learning platforms, and institutional collaborations with African universities. This paper critically examines the scope and impact of India’s engagement in African higher education, particularly in the areas of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and management education. While India’s initiatives are anchored in principles of South–South cooperation and provide valuable support for capacity building, several gaps remain in terms of outreach, visibility, and long-term academic partnerships. A comparative lens reveals that countries like China and Brazil have leveraged more structured and high-profile strategies to consolidate their educational footprint in Africa. The analysis suggests that although India’s contributions are significant, they remain under-leveraged in realizing broader strategic and developmental outcomes. Strengthening institutional coordination, expanding scalable models, and enhancing post-study engagement will be critical for India to fully align its educational outreach with Africa’s knowledge economy aspirations.
Awareness and Recognition of the Signs and Symptoms of Malnutrition Among Mothers of Under-Five Children
Early recognition of malnutrition in children is critical to preventing severe health outcomes, yet evidence suggests that many caregivers in low-resource settings are unable to identify its signs and symptoms. This study explored the level of awareness among mothers regarding the physical and behavioral indicators of malnutrition among under-five children at Asankrangwa Catholic Hospital in Western Ghana. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, 205 mothers were surveyed through structured questionnaires. The results showed high awareness of weight loss (87.8%) and recurrent diarrhea (70.7%) as symptoms, but low recognition of other key signs such as stunted growth (47.3%), sunken eyes (37.1%), and edema (4.9%). Behavioral signs such as lethargy, irritability, and developmental delays were also poorly recognized. The findings highlight significant gaps in maternal knowledge that may delay early diagnosis and intervention. Strengthening community health education to include symptom recognition alongside feeding practices is essential to improve early care-seeking and reduce childhood malnutrition in rural Ghana.